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academy.exchange.cloud.backend

MailboxBackend

Bases: Protocol

Backend protocol for storing mailboxes on server.

check_mailbox async 

check_mailbox(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId
) -> MailboxStatus

Check if a mailbox exists, or is terminated.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to check.

Returns:

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def check_mailbox(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
) -> MailboxStatus:
    """Check if a mailbox exists, or is terminated.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to check.

    Returns:
        The mailbox status.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    ...

create_mailbox async 

create_mailbox(
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    agent: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
) -> None

Create a mailbox is not exists.

This method should be idempotent.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to check.

  • agent (tuple[str, ...] | None, default: None ) –

    The agent_mro for behavior discovery.

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

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async def create_mailbox(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    agent: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
) -> None:
    """Create a mailbox is not exists.

    This method should be idempotent.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to check.
        agent: The agent_mro for behavior discovery.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    ...

terminate async 

terminate(client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId) -> None

Close a mailbox.

For security, the manager should keep a gravestone so the same id cannot be re-registered.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to close.

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

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async def terminate(self, client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId) -> None:
    """Close a mailbox.

    For security, the manager should keep a gravestone so the same id
    cannot be re-registered.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to close.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.

    """
    ...

discover async 

discover(
    client: ClientInfo, agent: str, allow_subclasses: bool
) -> list[AgentId[Any]]

Find mailboxes of matching agent class.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • agent (str) –

    Agent class to search for.

  • allow_subclasses (bool) –

    Include agents that inherit from the target.

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

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async def discover(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    agent: str,
    allow_subclasses: bool,
) -> list[AgentId[Any]]:
    """Find mailboxes of matching agent class.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        agent: Agent class to search for.
        allow_subclasses: Include agents that inherit from the target.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    ...

get async 

get(
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    *,
    timeout: float | None = None
) -> Message[Any]

Get messages from a mailbox.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to get messages.

  • timeout (float | None, default: None ) –

    Time in seconds to wait for message. If None, wait indefinitely.

Raises:

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async def get(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    *,
    timeout: float | None = None,
) -> Message[Any]:
    """Get messages from a mailbox.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to get messages.
        timeout: Time in seconds to wait for message.
            If None, wait indefinitely.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox requested does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
        TimeoutError: There was not message received during the timeout.
    """
    ...

put async 

put(client: ClientInfo, message: Message[Any]) -> None

Put a message in a mailbox.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • message (Message[Any]) –

    Message to put in mailbox.

Raises:

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async def put(self, client: ClientInfo, message: Message[Any]) -> None:
    """Put a message in a mailbox.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        message: Message to put in mailbox.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox requested does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
        MessageTooLargeError: The message is larger than the message
            size limit for this exchange.
    """
    ...

share_mailbox async 

share_mailbox(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId, group_uid: str
) -> None

Share a mailbox with a Globus Group.

Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group. This method should be idempotent.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to share.

  • group_uid (str) –

    Globus Group id to share.

Raises:

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async def share_mailbox(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    group_uid: str,
) -> None:
    """Share a mailbox with a Globus Group.

    Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group.
    This method should be idempotent.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to share.
        group_uid: Globus Group id to share.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox to share does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
    """
    ...

get_mailbox_shares async 

get_mailbox_shares(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId
) -> list[str]

Get list of globus groups the mailbox is shared with.

Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group. This method should be idempotent.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to share.

Returns:

  • list[str] –

    List of globus groups id strings

Raises:

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async def get_mailbox_shares(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
) -> list[str]:
    """Get list of globus groups the mailbox is shared with.

    Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group.
    This method should be idempotent.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to share.

    Returns:
        List of globus groups id strings

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox requested does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
    """
    ...

remove_mailbox_shares async 

remove_mailbox_shares(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId, group_uid: str
) -> None

Stop sharing a mailbox with a group.

Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group. This method should be idempotent (removing a group that the mailbox is not shared with is a no-op).

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to share.

  • group_uid (str) –

    Globus Group id to remove.

Raises:

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async def remove_mailbox_shares(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    group_uid: str,
) -> None:
    """Stop sharing a mailbox with a group.

    Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group.
    This method should be idempotent (removing a group that the mailbox
    is not shared with is a no-op).

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to share.
        group_uid: Globus Group id to remove.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox to share does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
    """
    ...

update_heartbeat async 

update_heartbeat(uid: EntityId) -> None

Update the heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox.

Parameters:

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to update.

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async def update_heartbeat(self, uid: EntityId) -> None:
    """Update the heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox.

    Args:
        uid: Mailbox id to update.
    """
    ...

heartbeat_status async 

heartbeat_status(uid: EntityId) -> float | None

Get the last heartbeat timestamp of a mailbox.

Parameters:

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to check.

Returns:

  • float | None –

    Unix timestamp of the last heartbeat, or None if never recorded.

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async def heartbeat_status(self, uid: EntityId) -> float | None:
    """Get the last heartbeat timestamp of a mailbox.

    Args:
        uid: Mailbox id to check.

    Returns:
        Unix timestamp of the last heartbeat, or None if never recorded.
    """
    ...

agent_stats async 

agent_stats(uid: EntityId) -> AgentStats

Return live exchange-level metrics for an agent.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def agent_stats(self, uid: EntityId) -> AgentStats:
    """Return live exchange-level metrics for an agent."""
    ...

PythonBackend 

PythonBackend(message_size_limit_kb: int = 1024)

Mailbox backend using in-memory python data structures.

Parameters:

  • message_size_limit_kb (int, default: 1024 ) –

    Maximum message size to allow.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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def __init__(
    self,
    message_size_limit_kb: int = 1024,
) -> None:
    self._owners: dict[EntityId, str | None] = {}
    self._shares: dict[EntityId, set[str]] = {}
    self._mailboxes: dict[EntityId, AsyncQueue[Message[Any]]] = {}
    self._terminated: set[EntityId] = set()
    self._agents: dict[AgentId[Any], tuple[str, ...]] = {}
    self._locks: dict[EntityId, asyncio.Lock] = {}
    self._requests: dict[EntityId, dict[uuid.UUID, Header]] = {}
    self._completions: dict[EntityId, int] = {}
    self._outgoing: dict[EntityId, int] = {}
    self.message_size_limit = message_size_limit_kb * KB_TO_BYTES
    self.last_active: dict[EntityId, float] = {}

check_mailbox async 

check_mailbox(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId
) -> MailboxStatus

Check if a mailbox exists, or is terminated.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to check.

Returns:

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

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async def check_mailbox(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
) -> MailboxStatus:
    """Check if a mailbox exists, or is terminated.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to check.

    Returns:
        The mailbox status.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    if uid not in self._mailboxes:
        return MailboxStatus.MISSING
    elif not self._has_permissions(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    async with self._locks[uid]:
        if uid in self._terminated:
            return MailboxStatus.TERMINATED
        else:
            return MailboxStatus.ACTIVE

create_mailbox async 

create_mailbox(
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    agent: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
) -> None

Create a mailbox is not exists.

This method should be idempotent.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to check.

  • agent (tuple[str, ...] | None, default: None ) –

    The agent_mro for behavior discovery.

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def create_mailbox(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    agent: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
) -> None:
    """Create a mailbox is not exists.

    This method should be idempotent.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to check.
        agent: The agent_mro for behavior discovery.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    if not self._has_permissions(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    mailbox = self._mailboxes.get(uid, None)
    if mailbox is None:
        if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):  # pragma: >=3.13 cover
            queue: AsyncQueue[Message[Any]] = Queue()
        else:  # pragma: <3.13 cover
            queue: AsyncQueue[Message[Any]] = Queue().async_q
        self._mailboxes[uid] = queue
        self._terminated.discard(uid)
        self._owners[uid] = client.client_id
        self._locks[uid] = asyncio.Lock()
        if agent is not None and isinstance(uid, AgentId):
            self._agents[uid] = agent
        logger.info(
            'Created mailbox for %s',
            uid,
            extra={'academy.mailbox_id': uid},
        )

terminate async 

terminate(client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId) -> None

Close a mailbox.

For security, the manager should keep a gravestone so the same id cannot be re-registered.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to close.

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def terminate(self, client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId) -> None:
    """Close a mailbox.

    For security, the manager should keep a gravestone so the same id
    cannot be re-registered.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to close.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.

    """
    if not self._has_permissions(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    self._terminated.add(uid)
    mailbox = self._mailboxes.get(uid, None)
    if mailbox is None:
        return

    async def send(message: Message[Any]) -> None:
        await self.put(client, message)

    pending_requests: list[Header] | None = None
    async with self._locks[uid]:
        pending_requests = list(self._requests.pop(uid, {}).values())
        mailbox.shutdown(immediate=True)

    await _respond_pending_requests_on_terminate(
        pending_requests,
        send,
    )

update_heartbeat async 

update_heartbeat(uid: EntityId) -> None

Update the heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def update_heartbeat(self, uid: EntityId) -> None:
    """Update the heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox."""
    self.last_active[uid] = time.time()

heartbeat_status async 

heartbeat_status(uid: EntityId) -> float | None

Get the last heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def heartbeat_status(self, uid: EntityId) -> float | None:
    """Get the last heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox."""
    if uid not in self._mailboxes:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid)

    if self.last_active.get(uid) is None:
        return None

    return time.time() - self.last_active[uid]

agent_stats async 

agent_stats(uid: EntityId) -> AgentStats

Return live exchange-level metrics for an agent.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def agent_stats(self, uid: EntityId) -> AgentStats:
    """Return live exchange-level metrics for an agent."""
    queue = self._mailboxes.get(uid)
    queued = queue.qsize() if queue is not None else 0
    pending = len(self._requests.get(uid, {}))
    completed = self._completions.get(uid, 0)
    outgoing = self._outgoing.get(uid, 0)
    in_progress = max(0, pending - queued)
    incoming = completed + pending
    return AgentStats(
        incoming=incoming,
        outgoing=outgoing,
        completed=completed,
        in_progress=in_progress,
        queued=queued,
    )

discover async 

discover(
    client: ClientInfo, agent: str, allow_subclasses: bool
) -> list[AgentId[Any]]

Find mailboxes of matching agent class.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • agent (str) –

    Agent class to search for.

  • allow_subclasses (bool) –

    Include agents that inherit from the target.

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def discover(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    agent: str,
    allow_subclasses: bool,
) -> list[AgentId[Any]]:
    """Find mailboxes of matching agent class.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        agent: Agent class to search for.
        allow_subclasses: Include agents that inherit from the target.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    found: list[AgentId[Any]] = []
    for aid, agents in self._agents.items():
        if not self._has_permissions(client, aid):
            continue
        if aid in self._terminated:
            continue
        if agent == agents[0] or (allow_subclasses and agent in agents):
            found.append(aid)
    return found

get async 

get(
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    *,
    timeout: float | None = None
) -> Message[Any]

Get messages from a mailbox.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to get messages.

  • timeout (float | None, default: None ) –

    Time in seconds to wait for message. If None, wait indefinitely.

Raises:

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def get(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    *,
    timeout: float | None = None,
) -> Message[Any]:
    """Get messages from a mailbox.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to get messages.
        timeout: Time in seconds to wait for message.
            If None, wait indefinitely.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox requested does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
        TimeoutError: There was not message received during the timeout.
    """
    if not self._has_permissions(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    try:
        queue = self._mailboxes[uid]
    except KeyError as e:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid) from e
    try:
        return await asyncio.wait_for(queue.get(), timeout=timeout)
    except QueueShutDown:
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(uid) from None
    except asyncio.TimeoutError:
        # In Python 3.10 and older, asyncio.TimeoutError and TimeoutError
        # are different error types.
        raise TimeoutError(
            f'No message retrieved within {timeout} seconds.',
        ) from None

put async 

put(client: ClientInfo, message: Message[Any]) -> None

Put a message in a mailbox.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • message (Message[Any]) –

    Message to put in mailbox.

Raises:

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def put(self, client: ClientInfo, message: Message[Any]) -> None:
    """Put a message in a mailbox.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        message: Message to put in mailbox.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox requested does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
        MessageTooLargeError: The message is larger than the message
            size limit for this exchange.
    """
    if not self._has_permissions(client, message.dest):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    if sys.getsizeof(message.body) > self.message_size_limit:
        raise MessageTooLargeError(
            sys.getsizeof(message.body),
            self.message_size_limit,
        )

    try:
        queue = self._mailboxes[message.dest]
    except KeyError as e:
        raise BadEntityIdError(message.dest) from e

    if message.is_request():
        self._requests.setdefault(message.dest, {})[message.tag] = (
            message.header
        )
        self._outgoing[message.src] = (
            self._outgoing.get(message.src, 0) + 1
        )
        logger.debug(
            'Tracking in-flight request: tag=%s src=%s dest=%s',
            message.tag,
            message.src,
            message.dest,
            extra={
                'academy.message_tag': message.tag,
                'academy.src': message.src,
                'academy.dest': message.dest,
            },
        )
    elif (
        message.src in self._requests
        and message.tag in self._requests[message.src]
    ):
        request_msg = self._requests[message.src].pop(message.tag)
        if not self._requests[message.src]:
            del self._requests[message.src]
        self._completions[message.src] = (
            self._completions.get(message.src, 0) + 1
        )
        logger.debug(
            'Response received for in-flight request: '
            'tag=%s src=%s dest=%s',
            request_msg.tag,
            request_msg.src,
            request_msg.dest,
            extra={
                'academy.message_tag': request_msg.tag,
                'academy.src': request_msg.src,
                'academy.dest': request_msg.dest,
            },
        )
    else:
        logger.warning(
            'Response received without corresponding request: '
            'tag=%s src=%s dest=%s',
            message.tag,
            message.src,
            message.dest,
            extra={
                'academy.message_tag': message.tag,
                'academy.src': message.src,
                'academy.dest': message.dest,
            },
        )

    async with self._locks[message.dest]:
        try:
            await queue.put(message)
        except QueueShutDown:
            raise MailboxTerminatedError(message.dest) from None

share_mailbox async 

share_mailbox(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId, group_uid: str
) -> None

Share a mailbox with a Globus group.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Target Mailbox for sharing

  • group_uid (str) –

    Group id to share mailbox with.

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def share_mailbox(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    group_uid: str,
) -> None:
    """Share a mailbox with a Globus group.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Target Mailbox for sharing
        group_uid: Group id to share mailbox with.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    if uid not in self._mailboxes:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid)

    if uid in self._terminated:
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(uid)

    if not self._has_mailbox_ownership(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            f'{client.client_id} cannot share mailbox '
            f'{uid} it does not own.',
        )

    if group_uid not in client.group_memberships:
        raise ForbiddenError(
            f'Owner does not belong to the group {group_uid}',
        )

    if uid not in self._shares:
        self._shares[uid] = set()

    self._shares[uid].add(group_uid)

get_mailbox_shares async 

get_mailbox_shares(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId
) -> list[str]

Get list of globus groups the mailbox is shared with.

Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group. This method should be idempotent.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to share.

Returns:

  • list[str] –

    List of globus groups id strings

Raises:

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def get_mailbox_shares(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
) -> list[str]:
    """Get list of globus groups the mailbox is shared with.

    Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group.
    This method should be idempotent.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to share.

    Returns:
        List of globus groups id strings

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox requested does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
    """
    if uid not in self._mailboxes:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid)

    if uid in self._terminated:
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(uid)

    if not self._has_mailbox_ownership(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Viewing shared groups requires ownership',
        )

    return list(self._shares.get(uid, set()))

remove_mailbox_shares async 

remove_mailbox_shares(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId, group_uid: str
) -> None

Stop sharing a mailbox with a group.

Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group. This method should be idempotent (removing a group that the mailbox is not shared with is a no-op).

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to share.

  • group_uid (str) –

    Globus Group id to remove.

Raises:

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def remove_mailbox_shares(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    group_uid: str,
) -> None:
    """Stop sharing a mailbox with a group.

    Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group.
    This method should be idempotent (removing a group that the mailbox
    is not shared with is a no-op).

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to share.
        group_uid: Globus Group id to remove.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox to share does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
    """
    ...

    if uid not in self._mailboxes:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid)

    if uid in self._terminated:
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(uid)

    if not self._has_mailbox_ownership(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            f'{client.client_id} cannot change permissions on'
            f'mailbox {uid} it does not own.',
        )

    self._shares[uid].discard(group_uid)
    logger.info('Group %s removed from mailbox %s', group_uid, uid)

RedisBackend 

RedisBackend(
    hostname: str = "localhost",
    port: int = 6379,
    *,
    message_size_limit_kb: int = 1024,
    kwargs: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
    mailbox_expiration_s: int | None = None,
    gravestone_expiration_s: int | None = None
)

Redis backend of mailboxes.

Parameters:

  • hostname (str, default: 'localhost' ) –

    Host address of redis.

  • port (int, default: 6379 ) –

    Redis port.

  • message_size_limit_kb (int, default: 1024 ) –

    Maximum message size to allow.

  • kwargs (dict[str, Any] | None, default: None ) –

    Addition arguments to pass to redis session.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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def __init__(  # noqa: PLR0913
    self,
    hostname: str = 'localhost',
    port: int = 6379,
    *,
    message_size_limit_kb: int = 1024,
    kwargs: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
    mailbox_expiration_s: int | None = None,
    gravestone_expiration_s: int | None = None,
) -> None:
    self.message_size_limit = message_size_limit_kb * KB_TO_BYTES

    if kwargs is None:  # pragma: no branch
        kwargs = {}

    self._client: redis.asyncio.Redis[bytes] = redis.asyncio.Redis(
        host=hostname,
        port=port,
        decode_responses=False,
        **kwargs,
    )
    self.mailbox_expiration_s = mailbox_expiration_s
    self.gravestone_expiration_s = gravestone_expiration_s

check_mailbox async 

check_mailbox(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId
) -> MailboxStatus

Check if a mailbox exists, or is terminated.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to check.

Returns:

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def check_mailbox(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
) -> MailboxStatus:
    """Check if a mailbox exists, or is terminated.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to check.

    Returns:
        The mailbox status.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    if not await self._has_permissions(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    status = await self._client.get(self._active_key(uid))
    if status is None:
        return MailboxStatus.MISSING
    elif status.decode() == MailboxStatus.TERMINATED.value:
        return MailboxStatus.TERMINATED
    else:
        return MailboxStatus.ACTIVE

create_mailbox async 

create_mailbox(
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    agent: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
) -> None

Create a mailbox is not exists.

This method should be idempotent.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to check.

  • agent (tuple[str, ...] | None, default: None ) –

    The agent_mro for behavior discovery.

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def create_mailbox(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    agent: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
) -> None:
    """Create a mailbox is not exists.

    This method should be idempotent.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to check.
        agent: The agent_mro for behavior discovery.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    if not await self._has_permissions(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    await self._client.set(
        self._active_key(uid),
        MailboxStatus.ACTIVE.value,
    )

    if agent is not None:
        await self._client.set(
            self._agent_key(uid),
            ','.join(agent),
        )

    await self._client.set(
        self._owner_key(uid),
        f'{client.client_id}{_OWNER_SUFFIX}',
    )
    await self._update_expirations(uid)

terminate async 

terminate(client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId) -> None

Close a mailbox.

For security, the manager should keep a gravestone so the same id cannot be re-registered.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to close.

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def terminate(self, client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId) -> None:
    """Close a mailbox.

    For security, the manager should keep a gravestone so the same id
    cannot be re-registered.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to close.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.

    """
    if not await self._has_permissions(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    status = await self.check_mailbox(client, uid)

    if status in {MailboxStatus.MISSING, MailboxStatus.TERMINATED}:
        return

    await self._client.set(
        self._active_key(uid),
        MailboxStatus.TERMINATED.value,
    )

    if self.gravestone_expiration_s is not None:
        await self._client.expire(
            self._active_key(uid),
            self.gravestone_expiration_s,
        )

    await self._client.delete(self._queue_key(uid))
    # Sending a close sentinel to the queue is a quick way to force
    # the entity waiting on messages to the mailbox to stop blocking.
    # This assumes that only one entity is reading from the mailbox.
    await self._client.rpush(self._queue_key(uid), _CLOSE_SENTINEL)
    if isinstance(uid, AgentId):
        await self._client.delete(self._agent_key(uid))

    req_keys = [
        key
        async for key in self._client.scan_iter(
            f'request:{uid.uid}:*',
            count=1000,
        )
    ]
    pending_requests: list[Header] = []
    for req_key in req_keys:
        data = await self._client.get(req_key)
        if data is None:  # The key was removed between scan and delete
            continue  # pragma: no cover
        pending_requests.append(Header.model_validate_json(data.decode()))
        await self._client.delete(req_key)

    async def send(message: Message[Any]) -> None:
        await self.put(client, message)

    await _respond_pending_requests_on_terminate(
        pending_requests,
        send,
    )

update_heartbeat async 

update_heartbeat(uid: EntityId) -> None

Update the heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def update_heartbeat(self, uid: EntityId) -> None:
    """Update the heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox."""
    now = await self._redis_current_time()

    await self._client.set(self._heartbeat_key(uid), str(now))
    await self._update_expirations(uid)

heartbeat_status async 

heartbeat_status(uid: EntityId) -> float | None

Get the time since last heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def heartbeat_status(self, uid: EntityId) -> float | None:
    """Get the time since last heartbeat timestamp for a mailbox."""
    status = await self._client.get(self._active_key(uid))
    if status is None:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid)

    heartbeat_time = await self._client.get(self._heartbeat_key(uid))

    if heartbeat_time is None:
        return None

    now = await self._redis_current_time()

    return now - float(heartbeat_time.decode())

agent_stats async 

agent_stats(uid: EntityId) -> AgentStats

Return live exchange-level metrics for an agent.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def agent_stats(self, uid: EntityId) -> AgentStats:
    """Return live exchange-level metrics for an agent."""
    queued = await self._client.llen(self._queue_key(uid))
    pending = 0
    async for _ in self._client.scan_iter(
        f'request:{uid.uid}:*',
        count=1000,
    ):
        pending += 1
    completed_raw = await self._client.get(self._completions_key(uid))
    outgoing_raw = await self._client.get(self._outgoing_key(uid))
    completed = int(completed_raw) if completed_raw is not None else 0
    outgoing = int(outgoing_raw) if outgoing_raw is not None else 0
    in_progress = max(0, pending - queued)
    incoming = completed + pending
    return AgentStats(
        incoming=incoming,
        outgoing=outgoing,
        completed=completed,
        in_progress=in_progress,
        queued=queued,
    )

discover async 

discover(
    client: ClientInfo, agent: str, allow_subclasses: bool
) -> list[AgentId[Any]]

Find mailboxes of matching agent class.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • agent (str) –

    Agent class to search for.

  • allow_subclasses (bool) –

    Include agents that inherit from the target.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def discover(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    agent: str,
    allow_subclasses: bool,
) -> list[AgentId[Any]]:
    """Find mailboxes of matching agent class.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        agent: Agent class to search for.
        allow_subclasses: Include agents that inherit from the target.
    """
    found: list[AgentId[Any]] = []
    async for key in self._client.scan_iter(
        'agent:*',
        count=1000,
    ):  # pragma: no branch
        data = await self._client.get(key)
        if data is None:  # Key was removed between scan and read
            continue  # pragma: no cover
        mro_str = data.decode()
        assert isinstance(mro_str, str)
        mro = mro_str.split(',')
        if agent == mro[0] or (allow_subclasses and agent in mro):
            aid: AgentId[Any] = AgentId(
                uid=uuid.UUID(key.decode().split(':')[-1]),
            )
            found.append(aid)

    active: list[AgentId[Any]] = []
    for aid in found:
        if await self._has_permissions(client, aid):
            status = await self._client.get(self._active_key(aid))
            if (
                status is not None
                and status.decode() == MailboxStatus.ACTIVE.value
            ):  # pragma: no branch
                active.append(aid)

    return active

get async 

get(
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    *,
    timeout: float | None = None
) -> Message[Any]

Get messages from a mailbox.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to get messages.

  • timeout (float | None, default: None ) –

    Time in seconds to wait for message. If None, wait indefinitely.

Raises:

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def get(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    *,
    timeout: float | None = None,
) -> Message[Any]:
    """Get messages from a mailbox.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to get messages.
        timeout: Time in seconds to wait for message.
            If None, wait indefinitely.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox requested does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
        TimeoutError: There was not message received during the timeout.
    """
    if not await self._has_permissions(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    _timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else 0
    status = await self._client.get(
        self._active_key(uid),
    )
    if status is None:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid)
    elif status.decode() == MailboxStatus.TERMINATED.value:
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(uid)

    await self._update_expirations(uid)
    if self.mailbox_expiration_s:
        await self._client.expire(
            self._queue_key(uid),
            self.mailbox_expiration_s,
        )

    raw = await self._client.blpop(
        [self._queue_key(uid)],
        timeout=_timeout,
    )
    if raw is None:
        raise TimeoutError(
            f'Timeout waiting for next message for {uid} '
            f'after {timeout} seconds.',
        )

    # Only passed one key to blpop to result is [key, item]
    assert len(raw) == 2  # noqa: PLR2004
    if raw[1] == _CLOSE_SENTINEL:  # pragma: no cover
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(uid)
    return Message.model_deserialize(raw[1])

put async 

put(client: ClientInfo, message: Message[Any]) -> None

Put a message in a mailbox.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • message (Message[Any]) –

    Message to put in mailbox.

Raises:

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def put(self, client: ClientInfo, message: Message[Any]) -> None:
    """Put a message in a mailbox.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        message: Message to put in mailbox.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox requested does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
        MessageTooLargeError: The message is larger than the message
            size limit for this exchange.
    """
    if not await self._has_permissions(client, message.dest):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Client does not have correct permissions.',
        )

    status = await self._client.get(self._active_key(message.dest))
    if status is None:
        raise BadEntityIdError(message.dest)
    elif status.decode() == MailboxStatus.TERMINATED.value:
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(message.dest)

    serialized = message.model_serialize()
    if len(serialized) > self.message_size_limit:
        raise MessageTooLargeError(
            len(serialized),
            self.message_size_limit,
        )

    if message.is_request():
        await self._client.set(
            self._request_key(message.dest, message.tag),
            message.header.model_dump_json(),
        )
        await self._client.incr(self._outgoing_key(message.src))
        if self.mailbox_expiration_s:
            await self._client.expire(
                self._request_key(message.dest, message.tag),
                self.mailbox_expiration_s,
            )
        logger.debug(
            'Tracking in-flight request: tag=%s src=%s dest=%s',
            message.tag,
            message.src,
            message.dest,
            extra={
                'academy.message_tag': message.tag,
                'academy.src': message.src,
                'academy.dest': message.dest,
            },
        )
    else:
        req_key = self._request_key(message.src, message.tag)
        matching_data = await self._client.get(req_key)
        if matching_data is not None:
            # TODO: Use redis locks here to ensure thread safety
            matching: Header = Header.model_validate_json(
                matching_data.decode(),
            )
            await self._client.delete(req_key)
            await self._client.incr(self._completions_key(message.src))
            logger.debug(
                'Response received for in-flight request: '
                'tag=%s src=%s dest=%s',
                matching.tag,
                matching.src,
                matching.dest,
                extra={
                    'academy.message_tag': matching.tag,
                    'academy.src': matching.src,
                    'academy.dest': matching.dest,
                },
            )
        else:
            logger.warning(
                'Response received without corresponding request: '
                'tag=%s src=%s dest=%s',
                message.tag,
                message.src,
                message.dest,
                extra={
                    'academy.message_tag': message.tag,
                    'academy.src': message.src,
                    'academy.dest': message.dest,
                },
            )

    await self._client.rpush(
        self._queue_key(message.dest),
        serialized,
    )

    if self.mailbox_expiration_s:
        await self._client.expire(
            self._queue_key(message.dest),
            self.mailbox_expiration_s,
            nx=True,
        )

share_mailbox async 

share_mailbox(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId, group_uid: str
) -> None

Share a mailbox with a Globus group.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • group_uid (str) –

    Group id to share mailbox with.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Target Mailbox for sharing

Raises:

  • ForbiddenError –

    If the client does not have the right permissions.

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def share_mailbox(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    group_uid: str,
) -> None:
    """Share a mailbox with a Globus group.

    Args:
         client: Client making the request.
         group_uid: Group id to share mailbox with.
         uid: Target Mailbox for sharing

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
    """
    status = await self._client.get(self._active_key(uid))
    if status is None:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid)
    elif status.decode() == MailboxStatus.TERMINATED.value:
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(uid)

    if not await self._has_mailbox_ownership(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            f'{client.client_id} cannot share mailbox '
            f'{uid} it does not own.',
        )
    if group_uid not in client.group_memberships:
        raise ForbiddenError(
            f'Owner does not belong to the group {group_uid}',
        )

    await self._client.sadd(self._share_key(uid), group_uid)

get_mailbox_shares async 

get_mailbox_shares(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId
) -> list[str]

Get list of globus groups the mailbox is shared with.

Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group. This method should be idempotent.

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to share.

Returns:

  • list[str] –

    List of globus groups id strings

Raises:

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def get_mailbox_shares(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
) -> list[str]:
    """Get list of globus groups the mailbox is shared with.

    Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group.
    This method should be idempotent.

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to share.

    Returns:
        List of globus groups id strings

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox requested does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
    """
    status = await self._client.get(self._active_key(uid))
    if status is None:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid)
    elif status.decode() == MailboxStatus.TERMINATED.value:
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(uid)

    if not await self._has_mailbox_ownership(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            'Viewing shared groups requires ownership',
        )

    _groups = await self._client.smembers(self._share_key(uid))
    groups = [g.decode() for g in _groups]
    return groups

remove_mailbox_shares async 

remove_mailbox_shares(
    client: ClientInfo, uid: EntityId, group_uid: str
) -> None

Stop sharing a mailbox with a group.

Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group. This method should be idempotent (removing a group that the mailbox is not shared with is a no-op).

Parameters:

  • client (ClientInfo) –

    Client making the request.

  • uid (EntityId) –

    Mailbox id to share.

  • group_uid (str) –

    Globus Group id to remove.

Raises:

Source code in academy/exchange/cloud/backend.py 
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async def remove_mailbox_shares(
    self,
    client: ClientInfo,
    uid: EntityId,
    group_uid: str,
) -> None:
    """Stop sharing a mailbox with a group.

    Only the owner of the Mailbox is allowed to share with a Globus Group.
    This method should be idempotent (removing a group that the mailbox
    is not shared with is a no-op).

    Args:
        client: Client making the request.
        uid: Mailbox id to share.
        group_uid: Globus Group id to remove.

    Raises:
        ForbiddenError: If the client does not have the right permissions.
        BadEntityIdError: The mailbox to share does not exist.
        MailboxTerminatedError: The mailbox is closed.
    """
    status = await self._client.get(self._active_key(uid))
    if status is None:
        raise BadEntityIdError(uid)
    elif status.decode() == MailboxStatus.TERMINATED.value:
        raise MailboxTerminatedError(uid)

    if not await self._has_mailbox_ownership(client, uid):
        raise ForbiddenError(
            f'{client.client_id} cannot change permissions on'
            f'mailbox {uid} it does not own.',
        )

    await self._client.srem(self._share_key(uid), group_uid)